DEU:Englisch:toughies
Aus Vokipedia
Version vom 21. Mai 2015, 21:37 Uhr von Josch (Diskussion | Beiträge)
Info
| Name des Wortschatzes | toughies |
| Sprache 1 | tough |
| Sprache 2 | Deutsch |
| Inhalt | ' |
| Kommentar | |
| Fremdsprache / Sachgebiet | Englisch |
| Sprache der Zielgruppe | Deutsch |
| Quelle | |
| Software | Mit dem Langenscheidt Vokabeltrainer (www.vokabeln.de) können Sie diesen Wortschatz mit vielen verschiedenen Funktionen trainieren (z.B. Karteikartensystem, Prüfungsmodus, Multiple Choice, Kreuzworträtsel, Superlearning und Tutorium), in unterschiedlichen Formaten drucken (z.B. Vokabelkärtchen, Vokabellisten, Vokabeltests, Kreuzworträtsel) und exportieren (z.B. auf Ihr Handy). |
Abschnitt 1
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| many-splendoured | full of magnificent features or marvels | |||
| ~ | ~ | spring is a many-splendoured season | ||
| mock-up | a model or replica of a machine or structure, used for instructional or experimental purposes | |||
| ~ | ~ | a mock-up of a steam locomotive cab | ||
| tantamount to | equivalent in seriousness to; virtually the same as | |||
| ~ | ~ | the resignations were tantamount to an admission of guilt | ||
| hotchpotch | {[in singular]} a confused mixture | |||
| ~ | ~ | a hotchpotch of uncoordinated services | ||
| flask | 1. a container for liquids // , 2. an extremely strong lead-lined container for transporting or storing radioactive nuclear waste | |||
| adherent/adherence (noun) | someone who supports a particular party, person, or set of ideas | |||
| ~ | ~ | he was a strong adherent of monetarism | ||
| adherent (adjective) | sticking fast to an object or surface | |||
| ~ | ~ | the eggs have thick sticky shells to which debris is often adherent | ||
| ~ | ~ | any adherent sand grains are easily removed | ||
| lustre (noun), lustrous (adjective) | a gentle sheen or soft glow | |||
| ardent | very enthusiastic or passionate | |||
| insatiable | impossible to satisfy | |||
| impetuous | 1 acting or done quickly and without thought or care, 2 moving forcefully or rapidly | |||
| ~ | ~ | 1 she might live to rue this impetuous decision | ||
| ~ | ~ | 2 an impetuous but controlled flow of water | ||
| dour | relentlessly severe, stern, or gloomy in manner or appearance | |||
| rash | acting or done without careful consideration of the possible consequences | |||
| boisterous | noisy, energetic, and cheerful | |||
| ~ | ~ | a group of boisterous lads | ||
| curtail | reduce in extent or quantity // , impose a restriction on | |||
| divulge | make known (private or sensitive information) | |||
| ~ | ~ | I am too much of a gentleman to divulge her age | ||
| alleged | to state something as a fact but without giving proof | |||
| ~ | ~ | the alleged conspirators | ||
| apprehensive | anxious or fearful that something bad or unpleasant will happen | |||
| allusive | using or containing suggestion rather than explicit mention | |||
| ~ | ~ | allusive references to the body | ||
| ~ | ~ | a highly allusive poet | ||
| countenance | 1 a person’s face or facial expression, 2 {[mass noun]} support or approval | |||
| ~ | ~ | 1 his impenetrable eyes and inscrutable countenance give little away | ||
| ~ | ~ | 2 she was giving her specific countenance to the occasion | ||
| raconteur | a person who tells anecdotes in a skilful and amusing way | |||
| misanthropic | having or showing a dislike of other people; unsociable | |||
| ~ | ~ | a misanthropic drunken loner | ||
| ~ | ~ | with his misanthropic outlook, he was an ugly character | ||
| incisive | 1(of a person or mental process) intelligently analytical and clear-thinking, 2(of an action) quick and direct | |||
| onus | something that is one’s duty or responsibility | |||
| ~ | ~ | the onus is on you to show that you have suffered loss | ||
| ubiquitous | present, appearing, or found everywhere | |||
| ~ | ~ | his ubiquitous influence was felt by all the family | ||
| ~ | ~ | cowboy hats are ubiquitous among the male singers |
Abschnitt 2
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| acquiesce | accept something reluctantly but without protest | |||
| ~ | ~ | Sara acquiesced in his decision | ||
| to coerce | persuade (an unwilling person) to do something by using force or threats | |||
| ~ | ~ | he was coerced into giving evidence | ||
| to condone | accept (behaviour that is considered morally wrong or offensive) | |||
| ~ | ~ | the college cannot condone any behaviour that involves illicit drugs | ||
| to congregate | gather into a crowd or mass | |||
| ~ | ~ | some 4,000 demonstrators had congregated at a border point | ||
| scathe | harm; injure | |||
| ~ | ~ | he was barely scathed | ||
| rectify | 1 put right; correct | |||
| poignant | evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret | |||
| ~ | ~ | a poignant reminder of the passing of time | ||
| occupational hazard | a risk accepted as a consequence of a particular occupation | |||
| ~ | ~ | visual overload is a necessary occupational hazard of busy art critics | ||
| mischievous | 1 causing or showing a fondness for causing trouble in a playful way, 2 (of an action or statement) causing or intended to cause harm or trouble | |||
| loot | 1 private property taken from an enemy in war, 2 stolen money or valuables, 3 (informal) money | |||
| ~ | ~ | the rooms were stuffed with the loot from Francis’s expeditions into Italy | ||
| insurgent | a person fighting against a government or invading force; a rebel or revolutionary | |||
| ~ | ~ | an attack by armed insurgents | ||
| indulge in | 1 allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of sth., 2 become involved in (an activity,_typically one that is undesirable or disapproved of) | |||
| to gallivant | go around from one place to another in the pursuit of pleasure or entertainment | |||
| ~ | ~ | she quit her job to go gallivanting around the globe | ||
| feat | an achievement that requires great courage, skill, or strength | |||
| ~ | ~ | the new printing presses were considerable feats of engineering | ||
| to endure | 1 {[with object]} suffer (something painful or difficult) patiently, 2 {[no object]} remain in existence; last | |||
| ~ | ~ | 1 it seemed impossible that anyone could endure such pain | ||
| ~ | ~ | 2 these cities have endured through time | ||
| to encompass | 1 {[with object]} surround and have or hold within, 2 include comprehensively | |||
| ~ | ~ | 1 this area of London encompasses Piccadilly to the north and St James’s Park to the south | ||
| ~ | ~ | 2 no studies encompass all sectors of medical care | ||
| to digress | leave the main subject temporarily in speech or writing | |||
| ~ | ~ | I have digressed a little from my original plan | ||
| to delineate | 1 describe or portray (something) precisely, 2 indicate the exact position of (a border or boundary) | |||
| ~ | ~ | 1 the law should delineate and prohibit behaviour which is socially abhorrent | ||
| ~ | ~ | 2 his finger found a precisely outlined section delineated in red marker | ||
| hapless | unfortunate | |||
| ~ | ~ | the hapless victims of the disaster | ||
| abrasive | 1 (of a substance or material) capable of polishing or cleaning a hard surface by rubbing or grinding, 2 showing little concern for the feelings of others; harsh | |||
| perilous | full of danger or risk | |||
| sly | having or showing a cunning and deceitful nature | |||
| ~ | ~ | a sly, manipulative woman | ||
| cunning | having or showing skill in achieving one’s ends by deceit or evasion, clever | |||
| ~ | ~ | a cunning look came into his eyes | ||
| to assuage | 1 make (an unpleasant feeling) less intense, 2 satisfy (an appetite or desire) | |||
| ~ | ~ | 1 the letter assuaged the fears of most members | ||
| ~ | ~ | 2 an opportunity occurred to assuage her desire for knowledge | ||
| lenient | (of a punishment or person in authority) more merciful or tolerant than expected | |||
| ~ | ~ | in the view of the Court the sentence was too lenient | ||
| ~ | ~ | lenient magistrates |
Abschnitt 3
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| to mesmerise | capture the complete attention of (someone) | |||
| ~ | ~ | they were mesmerized by his story | ||
| to leer | look or gaze in a lascivious or unpleasant way | |||
| ~ | ~ | bystanders were leering at the nude painting | ||
| lethargy | a lack of energy and enthusiasm | |||
| ~ | ~ | there was an air of lethargy about him | ||
| piecemeal | done or happening gradually at different times and often in different ways, rather than carefully planned at the beginning | |||
| ~ | ~ | the village is slowly being killed off by piecemeal development | ||
| ~ | ~ | many organizations have been built up piecemeal | ||
| balmy | characterized by pleasantly warm weather | |||
| ~ | ~ | the balmy days of late summer | ||
| chaff | worthless things; rubbish | |||
| ~ | ~ | to seperate the wheat from the chaff | ||
| to culminate | reach a climax or point of highest development | |||
| ~ | ~ | weeks of violence culminated in the brutal murder of a magistrate | ||
| pasture | 1 {[mass noun]} land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing animals, especially cattle or sheep, 2 (pastures) used to refer to a person’s situation in life | |||
| profuse | (especially of something offered or discharged) very plentiful; abundant | |||
| ~ | ~ | I offered my profuse apologies | ||
| brink | point at which something, typically something unwelcome, is about to happen | |||
| ~ | ~ | the country was on the brink of a constitutional crisis | ||
| ~ | ~ | the club has come close to the brink, surviving winding-up orders | ||
| graft | bribery and other corrupt practices used to secure illicit advantages or gains in politics or business | |||
| rife with | full of | |||
| exonerate someone from sth. | release someone from (a duty or obligation) | |||
| ~ | ~ | Pope Clement V exonerated the king from his oath to the barons | ||
| decree | an official order that has the force of law | |||
| ~ | ~ | the decree guaranteed freedom of assembly | ||
| amid | surrounded by; in the middle of | |||
| ~ | ~ | our dream home, set amid magnificent rolling countryside | ||
| embezzlement | theft or misappropriation of funds placed in one’s trust or belonging to one’s employer | |||
| ~ | ~ | charges of fraud and embezzlement | ||
| surge | a sudden powerful forward or upward movement, especially by a crowd or by a natural force such as the tide | |||
| ~ | ~ | crowd or by a natural force such as the tide: | ||
| thrust | a sudden or violent lunge with a pointed weapon or a bodily part | |||
| ~ | ~ | he drove the blade upwards with one powerful thrust | ||
| (in) vogue | the prevailing fashion or style at a particular time | |||
| ~ | ~ | the vogue is to make realistic films | ||
| ~ | ~ | crochet garments are in vogue this season | ||
| to deem | regard or consider in a specified way | |||
| ~ | ~ | the event was deemed a great success | ||
| ~ | ~ | the strike was deemed to be illegal | ||
| paucity | the presence of something in only small or insufficient quantities or amounts | |||
| ~ | ~ | a paucity of information | ||
| knee-jerk | (of a response) automatic and unthinking | |||
| ~ | ~ | a knee-jerk reaction | ||
| ~ | ~ | knee-jerk radicals | ||
| to revamp | give new and improved form, structure, or appearance to | |||
| ~ | ~ | an attempt to revamp the museum’s image | ||
| ~ | ~ | a revamped magazine | ||
| veil, (to unveil) | a piece of fine material worn by women to protect or conceal the face | |||
| diminutive | extremely or unusually small | |||
| ~ | ~ | a diminutive figure dressed in black |
Abschnitt 4
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| putative | generally considered or reputed to be | |||
| ~ | ~ | the putative father of her children | ||
| to emanate (from) | 1 (of a feeling,_quality,_or sensation) issue or spread out from (a source), 2 originate from; be produced by | |||
| ~ | ~ | warmth emanated from the fireplace | ||
| ~ | ~ | she felt an undeniable charm emanating from him | ||
| ~ | ~ | the proposals emanated from a committee | ||
| to foil | prevent (something considered wrong or undesirable) from succeeding | |||
| ~ | ~ | a brave policewoman foiled the armed robbery | ||
| to defer | put off (an action or event) to a later time; postpone | |||
| ~ | ~ | they deferred the decision until February | ||
| to fortify | 1 provide (a place) with defensive works as protection against attack, 2 strengthen (someone) mentally or physically | |||
| ~ | ~ | the whole town was heavily fortified | ||
| ~ | ~ | the girl was fortified by her religious faith | ||
| to bicker | argue about petty and trivial matters | |||
| ~ | ~ | couples who bicker over who gets what from the divorce | ||
| disdain | the feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one’s consideration or respect | |||
| ~ | ~ | her upper lip curled in disdain | ||
| ~ | ~ | an aristocratic disdain for manual labour | ||
| to maurad | go 1 about in search of things to steal or people to attack, 2 {[with object]} raid and plunder (a place) | |||
| ~ | ~ | 1 war parties crossed the river to maraud | ||
| ~ | ~ | 2 rapacious bluefish marauded the crab pots | ||
| infringement | 1 the action of breaking the terms of a law, agreement, etc.; violation, 2 the action of limiting or undermining something | |||
| ~ | ~ | copyright infringement | ||
| ~ | ~ | the infringement of the right to privacy | ||
| impediment | a hindrance or obstruction in doing something | |||
| ~ | ~ | a serious impediment to scientific progress | ||
| havoc | widespread destruction | |||
| make amends | compensate or make up for a wrongdoing | |||
| ~ | ~ | try to make amends for the rude way you spoke to Lucy | ||
| to augment | make (something) greater by adding to it; increase | |||
| ~ | ~ | her secretarial work helped to augment her husband’s income | ||
| to eschew sth. | deliberately avoid using; abstain from | |||
| ~ | ~ | he appealed to the crowd to eschew violence | ||
| to overhaul sth. | analyse and improve (a system) | |||
| frail | (of a person) weak and delicate | |||
| ~ | ~ | she looked frail and vulnerable | ||
| to tantalise | torment or tease (someone) with the sight or promise of something that is unobtainable | |||
| ~ | ~ | such ambitious questions have long tantalized the world’s best thinkers | ||
| Bronco | a wild or half-tamed horse of the western US. | |||
| to reciprocate | respond to (a gesture or action) by making a corresponding one | |||
| to render sth. | 1 provide or give (a service,_help,_etc.), 2 cause to be or become; make | |||
| to admonish | reprimand firmly, warn (someone) of something to be avoided, (er)mahnen | |||
| ~ | ~ | she admonished me for appearing at breakfast unshaven | ||
| to exonerate | absolve (someone) from blame for a fault or wrongdoing | |||
| ~ | ~ | an inquiry exonerated those involved | ||
| pariah | outcast | |||
| ~ | ~ | they were treated as social pariahs | ||
| aptitude | a natural ability to do something | |||
| ~ | ~ | children with an aptitude for painting and drawing | ||
| to inundate | overwhelm (someone) with things or people to be dealt with | |||
| ~ | ~ | we’ve been inundated with complaints from listeners |
Abschnitt 5
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creed | a system of religious belief; a faith | |||
| ~ | ~ | people of many creeds and cultures | ||
| to collude | come to a secret understanding; conspire | |||
| ~ | ~ | the president accused his opponents of colluding with foreigners | ||
| to accentuate | make more noticeable or prominent | |||
| ~ | ~ | his jacket unfortunately accentuated his paunch | ||
| to recuperate sth | recover or regain (something lost or taken) | |||
| ~ | ~ | they will seek to recuperate the returns that go with investment | ||
| dextrous | showing or having skill, especially with the hands | |||
| bleat | (of a sheep,_goat,_or calf) make a characteristic weak, wavering cry | |||
| acutely XXX | very; very strongly | |||
| eke something out | make an amount or supply of something last longer by using or consuming it frugally | |||
| ~ | ~ | the remains of yesterday’s stew could be eked out to make another meal | ||
| contraption | a machine or device that appears strange or unnecessarily complicated, and often badly made or unsafe | |||
| ~ | ~ | repairing stereos and making contraptions out of spare electronic bits | ||
| to deign | do something that one considers to be beneath one’s dignity | |||
| ~ | ~ | she did not deign to answer the maid’s question | ||
| hamartia | a fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero or heroine | |||
| ~ | ~ | there’s supposed to be an action that reveals the protagonist’s hamartia | ||
| fraught | causing or affected by anxiety or stress | |||
| ~ | ~ | there was a fraught silence | ||
| ~ | ~ | she sounded a bit fraught | ||
| to tenure someone | give (someone) a permanent post, especially as a teacher or lecturer: | |||
| ~ | ~ | I had recently been tenured and then promoted to full professor | ||
| tenuous | very weak or slight | |||
| insurgent | a person fighting against a government or invading force; a rebel or revolutionary | |||
| divergent | tending to be different or develop in different directions: | |||
| ~ | ~ | varieties of English can remain astonishingly divergent from one another | ||
| beraved | be deprived of a close relation or friend through their death: | |||
| double entendre | doppeldeutig | |||
| insipid | lacking flavour; weak or tasteless // , lacking vigour or interest | |||
| repudiate sth. | to refuse to accept something | |||
| ~ | ~ | to refures to accept something | ||
| enmity | a state or feeling of active opposition or hostility | |||
| disparaging | expressing the opinion that something is of little worth; derogatory: | |||
| ~ | ~ | disparaging remarks about council houses | ||
| ardent | very enthusiastic or passionate | |||
| naught | nothing | |||
| flamboyant | (of a person or their behaviour) tending to attract attention because of their exuberance, confidence, and stylishness | |||
| ~ | ~ | the band’s flamboyant lead singer |
Abschnitt 6
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| crummy | dirty, unpleasant, or of poor quality | |||
| unperturbed | not perturbed or concerned | |||
| irksome | irritating; annoying | |||
| saunter | walk in a slow, relaxed manner | |||
| affront | an action or remark that causes outrage or offence | |||
| ~ | ~ | he took his son’s desertion as a personal affront | ||
| disquiet | a feeling of worry or unease | |||
| zeal | great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective: | |||
| ~ | ~ | his zeal for privatization | ||
| ~ | ~ | Laura brought a missionary zeal to her work | ||
| recalcitrant | having an obstinately uncooperative attitude towards authority or discipline: | |||
| ~ | ~ | a class of recalcitrant fifteen-year-olds | ||
| indolent | wanting to avoid activity or exertion; lazy | |||
| to administer | manage and be responsible for the running of (a business,_organization,_etc.), dispense or apply (a remedy or drug) | |||
| ~ | ~ | each school was administered separately | ||
| ~ | ~ | paramedic crews are capable of administering drugs | ||
| fraudulent | obtained, done by, or involving deception, especially criminal deception | |||
| to concuss | hit the head of (a person or animal), causing them to become temporarily unconscious or confused | |||
| baleful | threatening harm; menacing | |||
| to alienate | 1make (someone) feel isolated or estranged | |||
| scurvy | a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, characterized by swollen bleeding gums and the opening of previously healed wounds, which particularly affected poorly nourished sailors until the end of the 18th century: | |||
| palpable | able to be touched or felt | |||
| ~ | ~ | the palpable bump at the bridge of the nose | ||
| evoke | 1bring or recall (a feeling,_memory,_or image) to the conscious mind | |||
| ~ | ~ | the sight evoked pleasant memories of his childhood | ||
| insoluble | 1impossible to solve | |||
| pedestal | 1the base or support on which a statue, obelisk, or column is mounted: | |||
| relish | great enjoyment | |||
| to proliferate | increase rapidly in number; multiply | |||
| ~ | ~ | the science fiction magazines which proliferated in the 1920s | ||
| to embolden | give (someone) the courage or confidence to do something | |||
| ~ | ~ | emboldened by the claret, he pressed his knee against hers | ||
| to decry | publicly denounce | |||
| to render | 1 provide or give (a service,_help,_etc.), 2 cause to be or become; make | |||
| constituency | a group of voters in a specified area who elect a representative to a legislative body |
Abschnitt 7
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| thud | a dull, heavy sound, such as that made by an object falling to the ground | |||
| ~ | ~ | my heart is thudding | ||
| to galvanize | shock or excite (someone) into taking action | |||
| ~ | ~ | the urgency of his voice galvanized them into action | ||
| awry | away from the usual or expected course; amiss | |||
| ~ | ~ | many youthful romances go awry | ||
| ~ | ~ | I got the impression that something was awry | ||
| haze | a state of mental confusion: | |||
| ~ | ~ | an alcoholic haze | ||
| nefarious | (typically of an action or activity) wicked or criminal | |||
| frenzy | a state or period of uncontrolled excitement or wild behaviour | |||
| contemplative | expressing or involving prolonged thought | |||
| ~ | ~ | she regarded me with a contemplative eye | ||
| dwell on/upon | think, speak, or write at length about (a particular subject,_especially one that is a source of unhappiness,_anxiety,_or dissatisfaction) | |||
| akin | of similar character | |||
| ~ | ~ | something akin to gratitude overwhelmed her | ||
| ~ | ~ | genius and madness are akin | ||
| mother hen | a person who sees to the needs of others, especially in a fussy or interfering way | |||
| threshold | the magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction, phenomenon, result, or condition to occur or be manifested | |||
| impeccable | in accordance with the highest standards; faultless | |||
| strife | angry or bitter disagreement over fundamental issues; conflict | |||
| prone (to do sth) | 1. likely or liable to suffer from, do, or experience something unpleasant or regrettable | |||
| prone | 2. lying flat, especially face downwards | |||
| hostile | showing or feeling opposition or dislike; unfriendly | |||
| equanimity | calmness and composure, especially in a difficult situation | |||
| galore | in abundance | |||
| ~ | ~ | there were prizes galore for everything | ||
| to revere | feel deep respect or admiration for (something) | |||
| ~ | ~ | Cézanne’s still lifes were revered by his contemporaries | ||
| constipation | a high level of constraint or restriction | |||
| brimming | be full to the point of overflowing | |||
| black ice | a transparent coating of ice, especially on a road surface | |||
| purge of | rid (someone) of an unwanted feeling, memory, or condition | |||
| ~ | ~ | Bob had helped purge Martha of the terrible guilt that had haunted her | ||
| to startle sth. | cause to feel sudden shock or alarm | |||
| composed | having one’s feelings and expression under control; calm |
Abschnitt 8
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| brisk | active and energetic | |||
| ~ | ~ | <!>a good brisk walk</!> | ||
| on a shoestring | with a very small amount of money | |||
| egotistical | egoistisch | |||
| appeal | objection after trial, wanting to change the result | |||
| to traduce | say things that are unpleasent/not true | |||
| rampant | flourishing or spreading unchecked | |||
| slim pickens | means a small amount of anything | |||
| nonchalant | feeling or appearing casually calm and relaxed; not displaying anxiety, interest, or enthusiasm | |||
| to reconcile | restore friendly relations between, settle | |||
| sully | damage the purity or integrity of | |||
| ~ | ~ | they were outraged that anyone should sully their good name | ||
| to press-gang | forcibly enlist (someone) into service in the army or navy | |||
| time and tide wait for no man | if you don’t make use of a favourable opportunity, you may never get the same chance again | |||
| restitution | the restoration of something lost or stolen to its proper owner | |||
| pinnacle | the most successful point; the culmination | |||
| to conglomerate | gather together into a compact mass; mixed; accumulate | |||
| ~ | ~ | atoms which conglomerate at the centre | ||
| blimp | 1 a pompous, reactionary type of person // , 2 a small airship or barrage balloon | |||
| spiel | an elaborate or glib speech or story, typically one used by a salesperson | |||
| abet | encourage or assist (someone) to do something wrong, in particular to commit a crime | |||
| ~ | ~ | he was not guilty of murder, but guilty of aiding and abetting others | ||
| eligible | having the right to do or obtain something; satisfying the appropriate conditions | |||
| ~ | ~ | having the right to do or obtain something; satisfying the appropriate conditions | ||
| insinuation | an unpleasant hint or suggestion of something bad | |||
| fortitude | courage in pain or adversity | |||
| ~ | ~ | she endured her illness with great fortitude | ||
| belligerent | unfriendly and aggressive;, hostile | |||
| ailing | in poor health | |||
| ~ | ~ | the ailing economy | ||
| wind chimes | a decorative arrangement of small pieces of glass, metal, or shell suspended from a frame, typically hung near a door or window so as make a tinkling sound in the draught | |||
| to invert | put upside down or in the opposite position, order, or arrangement | |||
| ~ | ~ | invert the mousse on to a serving plate |
Abschnitt 9
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bravado | a bold manner or a show of boldness intended to impress or intimidate | |||
| ~ | ~ | he possesses none of the classic wheeler-dealer’s casual bravado | ||
| cordial | warm and friendly | |||
| cradle | a baby’s bed or cot, typically one mounted on rockers | |||
| to stride | walk with long, decisive steps in a specified direction | |||
| ~ | ~ | we are striding confidently towards the future | ||
| ~ | ~ | he strode across the road | ||
| talk to you later | see you on the flipside | |||
| propensity | An inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way | |||
| ~ | ~ | his propensity for violence | ||
| efficacy | The ability to produce a desired or intended result | |||
| ~ | ~ | there is little information on the efficacy of this treatment | ||
| teeter on the brink (or edge) | Be very close to a difficult or dangerous situation | |||
| ~ | ~ | the country teetered on the brink of civil war | ||
| inquisitive | Having or showing an interest in learning things; curious | |||
| crowbar | Brecheisen | |||
| to disembowel | Cut open and remove the internal organs of | |||
| ~ | ~ | the dinosaur used its claw to disembowel prey | ||
| groom | Bräutigam | |||
| Glasgow smile | is a wound caused by making small cuts on the corners of a victim's mouth, then beating or stabbing him or her until the muscles in the face contract, causing the cuts to extend up the cheeks to the victim's ears. This leaves a scar in the shape of a smile, hence the name | |||
| Colombian necktie, corbata colombiana | victim's throat is slashed horizontally | |||
| to extenuate | acting in mitigation to lessen the seriousness of guilt or an offence, abschwächen/beschönigen | |||
| quirky | Having or characterized by peculiar or unexpected traits or aspects | |||
| ~ | ~ | her sense of humour was decidedly quirky | ||
| to take the plunge | es wagen, den Schritt tun, den Sprung wagen | |||
| abyss | A deep or seemingly bottomless chasm | |||
| ~ | ~ | a rope led down into the dark abyss | ||
| marksman | A person skilled in shooting | |||
| cauldron | Kessel | |||
| concoction | A mixture of various ingredients or elements, Mischmasch | |||
| conglomerate | A thing consisting of a number of different and distinct parts or items that are grouped together, A large corporation formed by the merging of separate and diverse firms | |||
| Atomausstieg | nuclear phaseout | |||
| deference | Polite submission and respect | |||
| ~ | ~ | he addressed her with the deference due to age | ||
| contrivance | invention |
Abschnitt 10
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| envoy | A messenger or representative, especially one on a diplomatic mission | |||
| immane and interwoven | immens und verflechtet | |||
| ~ | ~ | There is only one holistic system of systems, one vast and immane, interwoven, interacting, multi-variate, multi-national dominion of dollars | ||
| inexorable | Impossible to stop or prevent | |||
| ~ | ~ | The world is a college of corporations, inexorably determined by the immutable by-laws of business | ||
| cantankerous | Bad-tempered, argumentative, and uncooperative | |||
| loathing | A feeling of intense dislike or disgust; hatred | |||
| humour me | To do something for someone, when it seems stupid, explain something, physically do something for specified person...etc..etc | |||
| barefaced | showing that you do not care about offending sb or about behaving badly | |||
| heap | untidy pile of something; a lot of sth | |||
| jacknapes | a person who is rude in an annoying way | |||
| bereft | completely lacking sth; having lost sth | |||
| exasperate and infuriate | to annoy or irritate sb very much | |||
| throttle | strangle | |||
| imprecation | a curse | |||
| propriety | moral and social behaviour that is considered to be correct and acceptable | |||
| excel | to be very good at sth | |||
| enthral | if sth enthrals you, it is so interesting, beautiful, etc. that you give it all your attention | |||
| deprave | to make sb morally bad | |||
| lewd | referring to sex in a rude and offensive way (obscene) | |||
| upbraid | to criticise sb or speak angrily to them because you do not approve of sth that they have said or done | |||
| detriment | the act of causing harm or damage; sth that causes h or d | |||
| sanctity | the state of being very important and worth protecting | |||
| give/pay heed | pay careful attention | |||
| sway | to move slowly from side to side | |||
| enmity | feelings of hatred towards sb | |||
| hearken | to listen to sth |
Abschnitt 11
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| scorn | contempt | |||
| woe | troubles and problems that sb has; misery | |||
| in vain | without success | |||
| ere | before | |||
| ostentation | an exaggerated display of wealth, knowledge or skill | |||
| fey | sensitive and rather mysterious or strange; not acting in a very practical way | |||
| don't you go on pity patrol | bemitleide mich nicht | |||
| hole in the wall | A small dingy bar,_shop,_or restaurant. | |||
| i will be there with bells on | Enthusiastically | |||
| when push comes to shove | When one must commit oneself to an action or decision | |||
| braindrain/braingain | talentschwund durch auswanderung | |||
| beggers can't be choosers | selbsterklärend | |||
| the straw that broke the camel's back | tropfen, der das fass zum überlaufen bringt | |||
| going dutch | jeder zahlt seine eigene rechnung | |||
| dreary | that makes you feel sad; dull and not interesting | |||
| lethargy | the state of not having any energy or enthusiasm for doing things | |||
| uncongenial | (of a person) not pleasant or friendly | |||
| to slake something | to satisfy a desire | |||
| tattered | old and torn; in bad condition | |||
| to swoon (over sb) | to feel very excited, emotional, etc. about somebody that you think is sexually attractive, so that you almost become unconscious | |||
| inchoation/incohation | a beginning; early stage | |||
| temperamental | having a tendency to become angry, excited or upset easily, and to behave in an unreasonable way | |||
| impudent | rude; not showing respect for other people | |||
| devious | behaving in a dishonest or indirect way, or tricking people, in order to get something | |||
| staple | {[only before noun]} forming a basic, large or important part of something |
Abschnitt 12
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| perpetrator | a person who commits a crime or does something that is wrong or evil | |||
| row | quarrel | |||
| cramped | a cramped room, etc. does not have enough space for the people in it | |||
| to savour | to enjoy the full taste or flavour of something, especially by eating or drinking it slowly | |||
| to pore over/scutinise | examine | |||
| dusk | the time of day when the light has almost gone, but it is not yet dark | |||
| to evict sb. from sth. | to force somebody to leave a house or land, especially when you have the legal right to do so | |||
| conscientious | taking care to do things carefully and correctly | |||
| sensible | able to make good judgements based on reason and experience rather than emotion; practical | |||
| chide | to criticize or blame somebody because they have done something wrong | |||
| to scold | to speak angrily to somebody, especially a child, because they have done something wrong | |||
| invigorating <-->_enervating | to make somebody feel healthy and full of energy <-->_weak and tired | |||
| failing | a weakness or fault in somebody/something | |||
| opulent | luxurious, wealthy (of people) | |||
| benign | kind and gentle; not hurting anybody | |||
| malignant | having or showing a strong desire to harm somebody | |||
| overt | done in an open way and not secretly | |||
| haven | Zufluchtsort | |||
| confounding | confusing | |||
| arduous | involving a lot of effort and energy, especially over a period of time | |||
| prospect | the possibility that something will happen | |||
| trepidation | great worry or fear about something unpleasant that may happen | |||
| ~ | ~ | He knocked on the door with some trepidation. | ||
| superfluous | more than you need or want, unnecessary | |||
| swings and roundabouts | used to say that there are advantages and disadvantages whatever decision you make | |||
| to infer | to reach an opinion or decide that something is true on the basis of information that is available;, (sth) to suggest indirectly that something is true | |||
| ~ | ~ | It is reasonable to infer that the government knew about these deals. | ||
| ~ | ~ | Are you inferring (that) I'm not capable of doing the job? |
Abschnitt 13
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fad | something that people are interested in for only a short period of time, craze | |||
| integral | being an essential part of something | |||
| affluence | prosperity, wealth | |||
| bosom | a woman's chest or breasts | |||
| temerity | extremely confident behaviour that people are likely to consider rude | |||
| vantage | a position from which you watch something; a point in time or a situation from which you consider something, especially the past | |||
| salvage | the act of saving things that have been, or are likely to be, damaged or lost, especially in a disaster or an accident | |||
| rear | the back part of something, bottom | |||
| in the throes of doing sth. | in the middle of an activity, especially a difficult or complicated one | |||
| to enshrine | to make a law, right, etc. respected or official, especially by stating it in an important written document | |||
| to abjure | renounce, to promise publicly that you will give up or reject a belief or a way of behaving | |||
| unswerving | strong and not changing or becoming weaker | |||
| abdicate | to give up the position of being king or queen | |||
| dumbstruck/dumbfounded | unable to speak because of surprise | |||
| to tarnish sth. | 1. to spoil the good opinion people have of somebody/something, 2. if metal tarnishes or something tarnishes it, it no longer looks bright and shiny | |||
| weary | very tired, especially after you have been working hard or doing something for a long time | |||
| quaint | attractive in an unusual or old-fashioned way | |||
| petulant | bad-tempered and unreasonable, especially because you cannot do or have what you want | |||
| flummery | nonsense, especially praise that is silly or not sincere | |||
| defiance | open refusal to obey somebody/something | |||
| diffident | shy | |||
| affable | pleasant, friendly and easy to talk to | |||
| lest | 1. in order to prevent something from happening, 2. used to introduce the reason for the particular emotion mentioned | |||
| ~ | ~ | Lest anyone should doubt my story, I have brought documents to attest to its truth. | ||
| ~ | ~ | He gripped his brother's arm lest he be trampled by the mob | ||
| ~ | ~ | She was afraid lest she had revealed too much. | ||
| to romp (+ adverb/preposition), romp home/to victory | to play in a happy and noisy way, to easily win a race or competition | |||
| be somebody's pigeon | to be somebody's responsibility or business |
Abschnitt 14
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| to meddle (in/with something) | interfere | |||
| to aggravate/exacerbate something / someone | worsen / irritate | |||
| chav | a young person, often without a high level of education, who follows a particular fashion | |||
| red herring | falsche Spur/Fährte | |||
| haphazard | with no particular order or plan; not organized well | |||
| to indict sb | to officially charge somebody with a crime | |||
| leer (at somebody) | to look or smile at somebody in an unpleasant way that shows an evil or sexual interest in them | |||
| to taper off | to become gradually less in number, amount, degree, etc | |||
| keep up with the Joneses | to try to have all the possessions and social achievements that your friends and neighbours have | |||
| to emulate sb | (formal) to try to do something as well as somebody else because you admire them | |||
| ~ | ~ | She hopes to emulate her sister's sporting achievements. | ||
| whimsical | unusual and not serious in a way that is either amusing or annoying | |||
| ~ | ~ | to have a whimsical sense of humour | ||
| ~ | ~ | Much of his writing has a whimsical quality. | ||
| to redress something | put right | |||
| to deplore something | to strongly disapprove of something and criticize it, especially publicly | |||
| succinct | expressed clearly and in a few words | |||
| pipe dream | a hope or plan that is impossible to achieve or not practical | |||
| rag | Lumpen, Fetzen | |||
| be in cahoots (with somebody) | to be planning or doing something dishonest with somebody else, be in collusion | |||
| to do sth. on a whim | etw. aus einer Laune heraus tun | |||
| shedload | A large amount or number. | |||
| scapegoat | sündenbock | |||
| to be on the cusp of sth. | an der Schwelle zu etw. stehen | |||
| to bullyrag | Treat (someone) in a scolding or intimidating way | |||
| piquant | exciting and interesting |
Abschnitt 15
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| spin something (as something) | to present information or a situation in a particular way, especially one that makes you or your ideas seem good | |||
| diffident | shy | |||
| sordid | immoral or dishonest | |||
| belch | the action of letting air come up noisily from your stomach and out through your mouth | |||
| to poach (somebody/something) (from somebody/something) | to take and use somebody/something that belongs to somebody/something else, especially in a secret, dishonest or unfair way | |||
| transient | temporary, continuing for only a short time | |||
| menial | (usually disapproving) (of work) not skilled or important, and often boring or badly paid | |||
| to sulk | (disapproving) to look angry and refuse to speak or smile because you want people to know that you are upset about something | |||
| to squirm | to move around a lot making small twisting movements,_because you are nervous,_uncomfortable,_etc., to wriggle | |||
| to conflate (a with b) | to put two or more things together to make one new thing | |||
| to covet something | to want something very much, especially something that belongs to somebody else | |||
| to redact something | to remove information from a document because you do not want the public to see it | |||
| to faff about/around | to spend time doing things in a way that is not well organized and that does not achieve much | |||
| adoration | a feeling of great love or worship | |||
| wreckage | the parts of a vehicle, building, etc. that remain after it has been badly damaged or destroyed | |||
| whim | a sudden wish to do or have something, especially when it is something unusual or unnecessary | |||
| intricacies of sth. | the complicated parts or details of something | |||
| consternation | dismay, a worried, sad feeling after you have received an unpleasant surprise | |||
| endearing | lovable | |||
| dread | fear, nervous | |||
| revulsion/repugnance | a strong feeling of disgust or horror | |||
| dejection | Unhappiness | |||
| leniency | the fact of being less strict than expected when punishing somebody or when making sure that rules are obeyed | |||
| curator | a person whose job is to be in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or an art gallery,_etc. | |||
| dumbing down | the process of making something less accurate or educational, and of worse quality, by trying to make it easier for people to understand |
Abschnitt 16
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| to be dead set on | auf etw. erpicht sein, felsenfest vorhaben | |||
| hefty | (of a person or an object) big and heavy | |||
| fork out | (informal) to spend a lot of money on something, especially unwillingly | |||
| that really gets my goat | das regt mich auf | |||
| unwary | not cautious | |||
| inveterate | (of a person) always doing something or enjoying something, and unlikely to stop | |||
| discerning | able to show good judgement about the quality of somebody/something | |||
| fatigued | exhausted | |||
| intrepid | fearless | |||
| uncongenial | (of a person) not pleasant or friendly; not like yourself | |||
| enervate somebody | to make somebody feel weak and tired | |||
| dreary | dull | |||
| downcast/dejected | sad or depressed | |||
| to rough sth. out | to draw or write something without including all the details | |||
| kin | your family or your relatives | |||
| ceasefire/truce | a time when enemies agree to stop fighting, usually while a way is found to end the fighting permanently | |||
| busking | the activity of performing music in a public place and asking for money from people passing by | |||
| subversive | a person who tries to destroy or damage a government or political system by attacking it secretly or indirectly | |||
| inwardly | in your mind; secretly | |||
| bulge out | pop out | |||
| coiled | aufgerollt | |||
| glisten | to shine | |||
| unstinting | given or giving generously | |||
| morass/web | an unpleasant and complicated situation that is difficult to escape from | |||
| to endear | sich beliebt machen |
Abschnitt 17
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cutlery | knives, forks and spoons, used for eating and serving food | |||
| effeminacy | the quality in a man or boy of looking, behaving or sounding like a woman or a girl | |||
| fastidious | meticulous | |||
| permeate something | a belief that permeates all levels of society | |||
| shrewd/astute | clever at understanding and making judgements about a situation | |||
| regurgitate something | to bring food that has been swallowed back up into the mouth again, to repeat something you have heard or read without really thinking about it or understanding it | |||
| solemn | serious | |||
| put across | vermitteln | |||
| impending | imminent | |||
| to assert | to state clearly and firmly that something is true | |||
| solicitor | (British English) a lawyer who prepares legal documents, for example for the sale of land or buildings, advises people on legal matters, and can speak for them in some courts of law | |||
| sensuous | giving pleasure to your senses | |||
| tender | kind | |||
| luscious | delicious, rich | |||
| pulpy | soft and wet, especially as a result of being crushed, (of a book or magazine) containing subject matter of little value | |||
| wilting | to become weak or tired or less confident | |||
| foliage | the leaves of a tree or plant; leaves and branches together | |||
| fruition | the successful result of a plan, a process or an activity | |||
| transgression | an act that goes beyond the limits of what is morally or legally acceptable | |||
| prong | each of the two or more long pointed parts of a fork | |||
| tier | row or layer of something that has several rows or layers placed one above the other | |||
| spoon-fed | disapproving) to teach people something in a way that gives them too much help and does not make them think for themselves | |||
| on knife-edge | (of a situation,_etc.) finely balanced between success and failure, (of a person) very worried or anxious about the result of something | |||
| salver | a large plate, usually made of metal, on which drinks or food are served at a formal event | |||
| pane | a single sheet of glass in a window |
Abschnitt 18
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gust | a sudden strong increase in the amount and speed of wind that is blowing | |||
| ~ | ~ | A gust of wind blew his hat off. | ||
| speck | a very small spot;_a small piece of dirt,_etc. | |||
| vivacious | (especially of a woman) having a lively, attractive personality | |||
| complacency | a feeling of satisfaction with yourself or with a situation, so that you do not think any change is necessary | |||
| unobtrusive, <-->_obtrusive | not attracting unnecessary attention, <-->_noticeable in an unpleasant way | |||
| pervade/permeate | (formal) to spread through and be noticeable in every part of something | |||
| ~ | ~ | The entire house was pervaded by a sour smell. | ||
| trussed up | tied up | |||
| ensue | to happen after or as a result of another event, follow | |||
| lubricant | a substance, for example oil, that you put on surfaces or parts of a machine so that they move easily and smoothly | |||
| assimilate | to become, or allow somebody to become, a part of a country or community rather than remaining in a separate group | |||
| encapsulate sth. | formal) to express the most important parts of something in a few words, a small space or a single object; to sum up | |||
| hinge | a piece of metal, plastic, etc. on which a door, lid or gate moves freely as it opens or closes | |||
| innocuous | harmless | |||
| net-effect | nettoergebnis, endresultat | |||
| maelstrom | (literary) a situation full of strong emotions or confusing events, that is hard to control and makes you feel frightened | |||
| swirl | to move around quickly in a circle; to make something do this | |||
| shell out | to pay a lot of money for something | |||
| to pester/badger | to annoy somebody, especially by asking them something many times | |||
| teem | pour (rain) | |||
| to wade | to walk with an effort through something, especially water or mud | |||
| to unearth sth. | to dig up | |||
| to embellish sth. | decorate | |||
| uncharted | that has not been visited or investigated before; not familiar | |||
| awe-inspiring | impressive; making you feel respect and admiration | |||
| indistinct | vague, hazy |
Abschnitt 19
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dazzling | blinding | |||
| gratuitous | unnecessary | |||
| florid | (usually disapproving) having too much decoration or detail | |||
| fatuous | stupid | |||
| glaring | (of something bad) very easily seen, blatant | |||
| inscrutable | if a person or their expression is inscrutable, it is hard to know what they are thinking or feeling, because they do not show any emotion | |||
| amenity | a feature that makes a place pleasant, comfortable or easy to live in | |||
| boarded up | mit Brettern zugenagelt | |||
| commemorative | intended to help people remember and respect an important person or event in the past | |||
| // to thwart | frustrate | |||
| prevalent | common, widespread | |||
| annexea | a building that is added to, or is near, a larger one and that provides extra living or work space | |||
| latch on | (informal) to understand an idea or what somebody is saying, to become attached to somebody/something, to join somebody and stay in their company, especially when they would prefer you not to be with them, to develop a strong interest in something | |||
| unctuous | friendly or giving praise in a way that is not sincere and which is therefore unpleasant | |||
| incessant | constant | |||
| to compartmentalise | aufgliedern; unterteilen | |||
| audacity | nerve | |||
| pell-mell (old-fashioned) | very quickly and in a way that is not controlled | |||
| opacity | the fact of being difficult to understand; the fact of being opaque, opposite transparency | |||
| ~ | ~ | the opacity of the poet’s language | ||
| propensity | inclination | |||
| to declutter | to remove things that you do not use so that you have more space and can easily find things when you need them | |||
| endowment | a quality or an ability that you are born with | |||
| to enmesh | {[usually passive]} enmesh somebody/something (in something) (formal) to involve somebody/something in a bad situation that it is not easy to escape from | |||
| to reiterate | to repeat something that you have already said, especially to emphasize it | |||
| ~ | ~ | The government has reiterated its commitment to economic reform. | ||
| to ostracise sb. | to shun sb., to refuse to let somebody be a member of a social group; to refuse to meet or talk to somebody |
Abschnitt 20
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| vacuous | showing no sign of intelligence or sensitive feelings | |||
| petulant | bad-tempered and unreasonable, especially because you cannot do or have what you want | |||
| high and dry | of a boat, etc.) in a position out of the water | |||
| touch-and-go | used to say that the result of a situation is uncertain and that there is a possibility that something bad or unpleasant will happen | |||
| ~ | ~ | She's fine now, but it was touch-and-go for a while (= there was a possibility that she might die). | ||
| the life and soul of the party,_etc. | (British English) the most amusing and interesting person at a party, etc | |||
| to make all the right noises | to say the things you are expected to say, sometimes when you do not mean them | |||
| to take issue | To take an opposing point of view;_disagree. | |||
| strike gold, strike a chord | to become rich, to cause someone to remember something;_to remind someone of something;_to be familiar. | |||
| have something burning a hole in your pocket | if someone has money burning a hole in their pocket, they want to spend it as soon as possible | |||
| burn the midnight oil | to stay up working, especially studying, late at night. (Alludes to working by the light of an oil lamp late in the night) | |||
| get your fingers burned/burnt | have st. go wrong | |||
| fiddling while Rome b urns | focusing on sth. trivial during a crisis | |||
| have money to burn | have lots of money | |||
| burn your bridges | take action which you cannot reverse | |||
| face the music | To accept the unpleasant consequences,_especially of one's own actions. | |||
| toe the line | do what is expected | |||
| deliver the goods, come up with the goods | to do what you have promised to do or what people expect or want you to | |||
| come in for something | to receive something, especially something unpleasant | |||
| ~ | ~ | The government's economic policies have come in for a lot of criticism. | ||
| a turn-up for the boooks | i never thought that.. | |||
| turn of phrase | a distinctive spoken or written expression | |||
| toss and turn | to be unable to sleep because of worrying | |||
| cataract | a large steep waterfall | |||
| ubiquitous | seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time; very common | |||
| upshot | outcome | |||
| to winkle out sth | to get something/somebody out of a place or position, especially when this is not easy to do |
Abschnitt 21
| tough | Deutsch | tough: Satz | Deutsch: Satz | Zusatz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| to veer | to swerve | |||
| conifer | any tree that produces hard dry fruit called cones. Most conifers are evergreen (= have leaves that stay on the tree all year). | |||
| curb something | to check sth | |||
| a foregone conclusion | if you say that something is a foregone conclusion, you mean that it is a result that is certain to happen | |||
| contravene | infringe | |||
| rickety | not strong or well made; likely to break | |||
| to scurry/scottle | to run with quick short steps | |||
| opinionated | having very strong opinions that you are not willing to change | |||
| to splash out | British English, informal) to spend a lot of money on something | |||
| predator | predation; prey; to prey on; predatory | |||
| the changing number of births, deaths, diseases, etc. in a community over a period of time; the scientific study of these changes | demographic; demography | |||
| involving the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the environment | sustainability; sustain; sustainable | |||
| to make a wild animal used to living with or working for humans | domesticate; domestic | |||
| any tree that produces hard dry fruit called cones. Most conifers are evergreen (= have leaves that stay on the tree all year). | conifer; coniferous | |||
| variety | diversity; diversification; diversify; diverse | |||
| to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form; to develop something in this way | evolution; evolve; evolutionary | |||
| unavoidable | inevitability; inevitable | |||
| the most important part of a plan or argument that the other parts depend on | keystone; staple |
